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Implants are tiny devices that are attached to the outer skin or imbedded below the skin. They contain medicines that are released at periodic interval and reach the site of action in the body. Implants have revolutionized the landscape of drug delivery, offering precise and controlled administration of therapeutic agents directly to targeted sites within the body.…

In the realm of pharmaceuticals, the sublingual route of administration offers a fascinating and effective way to deliver medications. Sublingual dosage forms are designed to be placed under the tongue, where they dissolve and are absorbed directly into the bloodstream. This method bypasses the digestive system, allowing for rapid onset of action and improved bioavailability.…

The treatment compliance requires taking the medicines during the day as advised by the clinician. Some medicines are required to be taken multiple times during the day. This leads to sometimes patients forgetting to take the same and becomes a bother for the patients and the caretakers. Reducing the frequency of the medication intake without…

Human skin is capable of transporting drug substances across the skin into the blood circulation. This is known as percutaneous absorption and is an alternate route to deliver drug substances that are likely to be deactivated by gastric juices. It is also an efficient route of delivery for extremely small amounts of drug substances as…

The healthcare policy makers commonly utilize pharmacoeconomic methods or tools, which can be categorized into two main groups: economic evaluation techniques (such as Cost Consequence, Cost Benefit, Cost Effectiveness, Cost Minimization, and Cost Utility) and humanistic evaluation techniques (including Quality of Life, Patient Preferences, and Patient Satisfaction). These approaches have found application across diverse fields…

Pharmacoeconomics is a branch of health economics that specifically focuses on the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and healthcare interventions and considers several interlinked factors. It mainly involves evaluating the cost of the intervention and its expected outcomes in comparison with other reference products and/ or therapies. This helps to calculate the costs of various drug therapies and…

Pharmacoeconomics is the branch of <<health economics>> and it helps in forming an economic relationship between the drug research, its production and distribution. Thus the application of the principles of pharmacoeconomics involves implementing pharmacoeconomic principles, methods, and theories to measure the "value" of a pharmaceutical product and the services that it offers when used in real-world settings.…

Pharmacoeconomics, a vital field within health economics, evaluates the economic impact of pharmaceutical interventions. It considers a multitude of factors that influence the cost-effectiveness and value of drugs in healthcare systems worldwide. Global clinical  rials play a pivotal role in providing evidence on the efficacy, safety, and comparative effectiveness of pharmaceuticals. These global clinical trials help determine…

Individuals lead intricate lives, where a multitude of elements determine their ability to afford necessary medication for treating illnesses. Similarly, our markets are equally complex entities, shaped by various factors. Around the globe, patients grapple with the exorbitant costs of medications. In countries such as India, a developing nation, a staggering 85% of the overall…

The World Health Organization (WHO) does indeed maintains a global database called the "WHO Global Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) Database," also known as "VigiBase." This is essentially a repository for pharmacovigilance data. The WHO repository on pharmacovigilance plays a crucial role in global clinical trials by providing a centralized database for the collection and analysis of…

Adverse reactions following medical treatments are frequent and known. Physicians prefer the term 'adverse reaction' over 'side effect' because the latter suggests effects beyond pharmacological actions. Studies indicate that 5% to 30% of patients experience adverse events that are unpleasant experiences reported by the patients and not necessarily due to a specific medicine. Therefore, understanding their mechanisms…

Product complaints in pharmacovigilance refer to reports or notifications received by pharmaceutical manufacturers, regulatory agencies, or healthcare professionals regarding any concerns, issues, or problems related to the safety, quality, efficacy, or use of a medication. These complaints can come from various sources, including patients, healthcare providers, pharmacists, or even internal quality control processes within pharmaceutical manufacturers.…