Health economics consists of an important field namely pharmacoeconomics, which estimates the influence of pharmaceutical interventions economically. It counts an array of factors influencing the drug’s value and cost-effectiveness in systems of healthcare throughout the world. A crucial role is played by clinical trials globally in supplying facts on a pharmaceutical’s efficacy, safety, and comparative…

Pharmacoeconomics is the branch of <<health economics>> and it helps in forming an economic relationship between drug research, its production and distribution. Thus, the application of the principles of pharmacoeconomics involves implementing pharmacoeconomic principles, methods, and theories to measure the "value" of a pharmaceutical product and the services that it offers when used in real-world…

The branch of health economics focusing on a pharmaceutical’s price-effectiveness and healthcare interventions considering various aspects interlinked is termed pharmacoeconomics. It is primarily involved in the evaluation of the intervention cost and its anticipated outcomes in contrast with other therapies and/or reference products. This assists in the calculation of numerous drug therapies costs and entailed…

The healthcare policy makers commonly utilize pharmacoeconomic methods or tools, which can be categorized into two main groups: economic evaluation techniques (such as Cost Consequence, Cost Benefit, Cost Effectiveness, Cost Minimization, and Cost Utility) and humanistic evaluation techniques (including Quality of Life, Patient Preferences, and Patient Satisfaction). These methodologies have been applied across various fields…

The ability of the drug substance to pass through the skin into the blood circulation is known as percutaneous absorption. This is an alternative path for the drug delivery that have the probability of deactivation by gastric juices. It also efficiently delivers extremely minute quantities of drug substances along with drugs which can be effortlessly…

As per the treatment compliance medicines are required to be taken during daytime by the advice of the clinician. Some of the medicines require multiple intakes during the daytime. This often becomes a burden for the caregivers and the patients as many times patients forget to take the medicines. The frequency of the intake of…

In the pharmaceutical realm, the administration of medications by the sublingual route presents an intriguing and efficient way. These dosage forms are aimed to be placed beneath the tongue, where their dissolution happens and are directly absorbed in the bloodstream. This approach’s onset of action is rapid with an improved bioavailability as it bypasses the…

Good Distribution Practices (GDP) within the pharmaceutical industry encompass a set of quality standards and guidelines that ensure the safe and efficient handling, storage, and distribution of medicinal products. These practices are designed to maintain the integrity and quality of pharmaceuticals throughout the entire supply chain, from manufacturer to end-user. Key aspects of GDP include proper…

In the pharmaceutical industry, meticulous documentation practices are paramount to ensure compliance and assuring quality for all the processes followed that ensures product quality, and patient safety. It is important to maintain all the necessary records and documents. The generation of documents, its utility, its retention and archival as well as future destruction is covered…

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are a set of norms that can be uniformly followed for operational efficiency that can be rendered error-free. SOPs are key guidance documents that are very important in operations that involve several parallel as well as sequential steps with various stakeholders to attain a final common tangible goal or objective. The pharmaceutical…