Oral dosage forms are pharmaceutical formulations designed for administration by mouth, offering various options to cater to different age groups and patient needs and drug properties. Tablets are solid, compressed forms containing active ingredients and excipients, ideal for precise dosing and stability. Capsules encase the drug in a gelatin or non-gelatin shell, facilitating easier swallowing…

Every pharmaceutical product needs to be free from viable bacteria, yeast and fungi. The principles of GMP therefore mandate manufacturing hubs to be clean and free from such contaminants.  The clean room concept is based on maintaining high hygiene areas that are free from such contaminants. Topical and external application preparations do not require to…

The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains a database globally called the "WHO Global Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) Database," also identified as "VigiBase." This is principally a repository for data on pharmacovigilance. A pivotal role is played by the WHO repository in global clinical trials and as well as on all the marketed pharmaceutical products.…

Individuals lead intricate lives, where a multitude of elements determine their ability to afford necessary medication for treating illnesses. Similarly, our markets are equally complex entities, shaped by various factors. Globally, patients struggle with the medication’s exorbitant costs. In developing countries such as India, a surprising 85% of the overall expenses in health is covered…

Health economics consists of an important field namely pharmacoeconomics, which estimates the influence of pharmaceutical interventions economically. It counts an array of factors influencing the drug’s value and cost-effectiveness in systems of healthcare throughout the world. A crucial role is played by clinical trials globally in supplying facts on a pharmaceutical’s efficacy, safety, and comparative…

Pharmacoeconomics is the branch of <<health economics>> and it helps in forming an economic relationship between drug research, its production and distribution. Thus, the application of the principles of pharmacoeconomics involves implementing pharmacoeconomic principles, methods, and theories to measure the "value" of a pharmaceutical product and the services that it offers when used in real-world…

The branch of health economics focusing on a pharmaceutical’s price-effectiveness and healthcare interventions considering various aspects interlinked is termed pharmacoeconomics. It is primarily involved in the evaluation of the intervention cost and its anticipated outcomes in contrast with other therapies and/or reference products. This assists in the calculation of numerous drug therapies costs and entailed…

The healthcare policy makers commonly utilize pharmacoeconomic methods or tools, which can be categorized into two main groups: economic evaluation techniques (such as Cost Consequence, Cost Benefit, Cost Effectiveness, Cost Minimization, and Cost Utility) and humanistic evaluation techniques (including Quality of Life, Patient Preferences, and Patient Satisfaction). These methodologies have been applied across various fields…

The ability of the drug substance to pass through the skin into the blood circulation is known as percutaneous absorption. This is an alternative path for the drug delivery that have the probability of deactivation by gastric juices. It also efficiently delivers extremely minute quantities of drug substances along with drugs which can be effortlessly…

As per the treatment compliance medicines are required to be taken during daytime by the advice of the clinician. Some of the medicines require multiple intakes during the daytime. This often becomes a burden for the caregivers and the patients as many times patients forget to take the medicines. The frequency of the intake of…